Playing basketball makes me happy. ✅Reading books broadens our horizons. ✅Providing evidence is what really matters. ✅Providing evidence are what really matters. ❌
这是最高频错误
动名词主语后谓语忘加 s / is。这周所有的练习，写完后只检查一件事：主语是 Doing... → 谓语是不是单数。
动名词短语作为整体
动名词可以带自己的宾语，形成动名词短语整体作主语：
Reading books is good for your mind.
Reading（动名词）+ books（它的宾语）= 整个短语作主语，不是”读书”拆开各算各的。
常见错误：动名词与谓语"打架"
写完动名词主语后必须检查：这个动名词代表的动作能否合理发出后面的谓语。
❌ Becoming a good player is evidence.（“成为”这个动作怎么能是”证据”？）
❌ Providing evidence has been provided…（动名词”提供证据”已经是主动了，不能再”被提供”）
✅ Providing evidence is what he does.（正确：提供证据是他做的事）
状语从句的位置
Playing basketball makes me happy when I am in China.
when I am in China 修饰整个主句 → “在中国时，打篮球让我高兴”。
Playing basketball when I am in China makes me happy.
when I am in China 修饰 playing basketball → “只有在中国打篮球时才让我高兴”。
怎么选位置
写作时安全做法：状语从句放在句末，用逗号隔开。从句修饰的是 makes me happy 这个谓语整体。
外刊神句
总览
序号
功能
句型
1
批判观点
Relying on… is not an ideal approach for…
2
功能替代
A does the job of B
3
多层因果
A was caused by B as a result of C
4
主导地位
A has moved B into the driving seat of C
5
对立立场
A is the opposite of everything that…
6
论据支撑
Many books and articles have been written…, and often become bestsellers…
7
观点分化
These views illustrate the extreme polarity…
8
永恒话题
Efforts to do X are a perennial topic…
9
大量论据
There is a wealth of evidence that…
10
关联揭示
The association between A and B is obvious…
11
重要作用
Doing A plays a vital role in doing B
12
功能使然
Doing A enables B to C
1. 批判观点：Relying on… is not an ideal approach for…
结构：
Relying on + 名词/动名词 + is not an ideal approach for + 名词/doing
表达”依赖 A 不是实现 B 的好方法”。
外刊原句
Relying on the child itself, which is quite vulnerable to the virtual world, is not an ideal approach for acquiring knowledge without the company of parents.
考研例句
Relying on using AI is not an ideal approach for learning in class.
approach to 后面的 to 是介词
approach to doing 中的 to 是介词，后面用 doing，不能用动词原形。同理：the key to doing、a solution to doing。
举一反三
Relying on memorization is not an ideal approach for mastering a subject.
Relying on social media alone is not an ideal approach for building genuine relationships.
2. 功能替代：A does the job of B
结构：
A does the job (of B)
do the job = 起作用/完成任务。job 回指前文提到的某个目标。
外刊原句
…and this machine can do the job.
考研例句
As for students who are wondering how to improve learning efficiency, using AI may do the job.
举一反三
For those eager to expand their knowledge, reading classics can do the job.
When it comes to staying connected, social media can do the job.
3. 多层因果：A was caused by B as a result of C
结构：
A was caused by B as a result of C
链式因果：C → B → A。用介词短语 as a result of 代替动词，增加句式多样性。
外刊原句
Poor performance in school was caused by irrational parental behavior as a result of unhealthy habits.
考研例句
Game addiction among teenagers can be caused by a lack of parental supervision as a result of parents’ busy work schedules.
改写思路
不用这个结构：Because of C, B causes A.
用这个结构：A is caused by B as a result of C.
后者更紧凑，层次更深，更适合考研论述段落。
4. 主导地位：A has moved B into the driving seat of C
结构：
A has moved B into the driving seat of C
driving seat = 驾驶座 → 主导地位。A 使 B 在 C 领域占据主导。
外刊原句
The rapid adoption of synthetic biology has moved the biotech industry into the driving seat of industrial production.
考研例句
The development of technology has moved AI into the driving seat of modern education.
举一反三
Social media has moved online influencers into the driving seat of youth culture.
Online learning has moved self-study into the driving seat of skill acquisition.
5. 对立立场：A is the opposite of everything that… stands for
结构：
A is the opposite of everything that + 名词 + stands for
强烈反对：A 是 X 所代表的一切的对立面。
外刊原句
This attitude is the opposite of everything that modern science stands for.
考研例句
Laughing at others’ enthusiasm is the opposite of everything that modern education stands for.
变体使用
A is the opposite of everything that modern society stands for.（反对立场）
A is on the same side with everything that XX stands for.（赞同立场）
modern society 可换成 education、traditional culture、academic integrity 等。
6. 论据支撑：Many books… have been written…, and often become bestsellers…
结构：
Many books and articles have been written to illustrate X, and often become bestsellers, indicating that...
利用”畅销书现象”间接证明观点普遍性。
外刊原句
Many books and articles have been written to illustrate the threads about X, and often become bestsellers, indicating that this idea is true to many.
考研例句
Many books and articles have been written to illustrate the dangers of smartphone addiction, and often become bestsellers, indicating that this concern is shared by many.
别当万能模板
这句话非常长，使用时务必把 X 换成具体话题。不要上考场先不看题就写这句。
7. 观点分化：These views illustrate the extreme polarity…
结构：
These views illustrate the extreme polarity in the positions people take when discussing X
polarity = 极端分化（polar → 两极）。描述争议性话题中的观点对立。
外刊原句
These views illustrate the extreme polarity in the positions people take when discussing the topic.
考研例句
These views in the picture illustrate the extreme polarity in the positions people take when discussing whether to choose easy courses or challenging ones.
使用场景
适合英语一图画作文中有争议的题目。放在第一段末尾或第二段开头，接着引出两方面观点：
Some believe that..., while others argue that...
8. 永恒话题：Efforts to do X are a perennial topic…
结构：
Efforts to do X are a perennial topic in discussions of how to Y
perennial = 常年不断的（松树常绿 → perennial）。引出长期议题。
外刊原句
Efforts to encourage innovation are a perennial topic in discussions of how to face challenges.
考研例句
Efforts to pick various courses in college are a perennial topic in discussions of how to take advantage of college time.
举一反三
Efforts to balance growth and environmental protection are a perennial topic in discussions of how to achieve sustainable development.
Efforts to improve education are a perennial topic in discussions of how to cultivate well-rounded talents.
9. 大量论据：There is a wealth of evidence that…
结构：
There is a wealth of evidence that + 完整句子
a wealth of = 丰富的、大量的（替代 a lot of / many）。
考研例句
There is a wealth of evidence that regular exercise contributes to both physical and mental health.
其他量词积累
a wealth of information / evidence（丰富的）
a multitude of factors / challenges（众多的）
a variety of approaches / methods（多样的）
10. 关联揭示：The association between A and B is obvious…
结构：
The association between A and B is obvious, which indicates a key area for C
先指出关联明显，再说明揭示的关键领域。
外刊原句
The association between poverty and health problems is obvious, which indicates a key area for intervention.
考研例句
The association between the use of AI and learning efficiency is obvious, which indicates a key area for improvement.
举一反三
The association between a sedentary lifestyle and health issues is obvious, which indicates a key area for intervention.
The association between reading and academic success is obvious, which indicates a key area for policy improvement.
11. 重要作用：Doing A plays a vital role in doing B
结构：
Doing A plays a vital role in doing B
最简单、最安全、最万能的动名词主语句式。动名词主语 + play a vital role in + 动名词宾语。
考研例句
Cultivating good study habits plays a vital role in achieving academic success.
举一反三
Raising public awareness plays a vital role in protecting the environment.
Promoting cultural exchange plays a vital role in enhancing mutual understanding.
Embracing technological innovation plays a vital role in improving productivity.
12. 功能使然：Doing A enables B to C
结构：
Doing A enables B to C
把 By doing A, B can C 升级为动名词主语结构，更书面化。
考研例句
Reading extensively enables students to broaden their horizons and think critically.
举一反三
Using AI tools enables workers to focus on more creative tasks.
Exercising regularly enables people to maintain physical and mental well-being.
Mastering a foreign language enables young people to gain more opportunities.