第一周：主语从句
来源：田瀚博 2024 考研作文课程第一周
核心理念：不是写好，是写的没有错误。
课程导论
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避免模板化写作：考场上能写出正确无误的句子，比追求华丽辞藻更重要。
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课程流程：每周一讲解主题句型 + 外刊神句，周二至周五批改作文并讲解错误。
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时间分配：每周课程约 1.5 小时，每日英语建议 3 小时（含精读 1 小时）。
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资料使用：纸质资料 11 月底-12 月发放，用于复习，不要死记硬背。
主语从句基础
写作逻辑：把动作”名词化”
中文常把动作直接当主语，英文可以改成”……的一件事/一个事实/一种现象”，让句子更丰富。
| 普通中文表达 | 主语从句化表达 |
|---|---|
| 我今天踢了足球。 | What I did today was play football. |
| 我觉得你的观点是对的。 | What you said is right. |
一句话理解
主语从句的本质就是”把一句话当一个名词来用”，放在谓语前面当主语。
始终记住，写主语从句之前一定要有一个让别人知道你要表达出从句的意识，例如：That 引导从句 What how when if 引导从句
从句分类
| 从句类型 | 作用 | 关键词 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | 整个句子 充当主语 | That / What / How |
| 宾语从句 | 整个句子充当宾语 | I think that… |
| 状语从句 | 修饰动词 / be | how, where, when |
| 定语从句 | 形容名词 | which, who, that |
例句：I love this good book deeply.（good 是定语，deeply 是状语）
关系连词
| 连词 | 词性 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| That | 关系连词 | 无实义，提示后面是完整句 |
| What | 名词性 | 在从句中作主语/宾语 |
| How / Where / When | 副词性 | 后面必须跟完整主谓宾 |
快速区分
- That：自己不充当成分，后面跟完整句。
- What：自己要充当主语或宾语，后面句子缺成分。
- How：后面句子必须完整，How 只表方式。
勘误：That"不充当成分"只针对名词性从句
上面”That 自己不充当成分”只在 that 引导名词性从句（主语从句/宾语从句）时成立。当 that 引导定语从句时，它可以充当成分，要分情况看：
| that 的类型 | 在从句里充当成分吗 |
|---|---|
| 引导 名词性从句（主语/宾语从句） | ❌ 不充当，后面跟完整句子 |
| 引导 定语从句、替代主语 | ✅ 充当主语，后面直接跟谓语 |
| 引导 定语从句、替代宾语 | ❌ 不充当主语，从句有自己的主语 |
对比：
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The book that I read.（that 替代宾语，I 是从句主语，that 不充当主语）
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The spot that suggests…（that 替代主语，直接接谓语 suggests）
that 引导的主语从句
基本结构
That + 主谓宾 + 谓语-
整个 That + 句子 充当主语，所以后面还要跟一个谓语。
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主语从句整体视为 单数。
为什么有两个谓语？
That + 句子 只是”主语”，完整句子还需要真正的谓语动词。
例句与改写
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That a student is learning English is good.
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That electric cars are dominating the vehicle market is making the headline everywhere.
改写练习
原句：Electric cars are very popular nowadays.
改写：That electric cars are very popular nowadays is true.
what / how 引导的主语从句
what 引导：名词性
What 是名词性的，本身要在从句中充当主语或宾语。
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What I love in school is my car.（what 作 love 的宾语）
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What makes you happy is my car.（what 作主语）
how / where / when 引导：副词性
How 是副词性的，后面必须跟完整的主谓宾结构。
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How you learn English intrigues me.
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How parents learn something in daily life is very important for their children.
常见错误
| 错误类型 | 错误示例 | 正确写法 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语单复数混淆 | That he like English are good. | That he likes English is good. |
| 成分缺失 | That learning English good. | That he is learning English is good. |
| how 后缺成分 | How learn English is good. | How he learns English is good. |
最容易犯的错
主语从句整体视为单数，谓语动词一定用 is，不要受从句里名词单复数影响.
练习反馈：高频错误
这些错误来自你写第一周练习句时的真实反馈，对齐你的当前水准：
| 错误 | 你写的 | 正确 | 记法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 动名词缺宾语 | Preparing is never easy… | Preparing for exams is never easy… | doing sth 要完整，不能光秃秃一个动词 |
| 把形容词当动词 | you have exhausted | you are exhausted | exhausted 是形容词，前面用 be |
| 搭配错误 | addiction of electric device | addiction to phones / phone addiction | addiction 后面跟 to |
| 搭配错误 | requirement of public green occasion | demand for public green space | 对…的需求用 demand for；绿地是 green space |
| 指代不一致 | heatwaves … than it would | than they would | heatwaves 是复数，后面用 they |
| 拼写 | alievate / cultre / otherwie | alleviate / culture / otherwise | 写完后扫一眼拼写 |
不要逐词翻译
这些句型要整句记忆，再换主题词。比如先背熟
Preparing for exams is never easy...，再把exams换成maintaining our cultural identity。
外刊神句
总览
| 序号 | 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 让步 | It seemed that everyone took it as read that… |
| 2 | 补充论据 | …is never easy, and it is made even harder by… |
| 3 | 过渡 | The costs of… may be even greater than previously thought. |
| 4 | 罗列成因 | Behind… are… |
| 5 | 批判归因 | …is very likely to be partly to blame. |
| 6 | 观点总起 | …should be welcomed for many reasons. |
| 7 | 乐观总结 | It is too early to say… |
| 8 | 观点/结尾 | …can turn opportunity into disaster. |
| 9 | 图表描述 | Interest in… is waning. |
1. 让步：It seemed that…
结构：
It seems that everyone takes it as read that + 完整陈述句- 原句是过去时 It seemed that… took…，写作中常用现在时。
外刊原句
It seemed that everyone took it as read that violent games increased aggression.
考研例句
It seems that everyone in the drawing takes it as read that they have no responsibility in taking care of their aged father. However…
2. 补充论据：…is never easy…
结构：
Doing sth is never easy, and it is made even harder by dint of the fact that + 完整陈述句外刊原句
But trying to write a first draft of history is never easy, and it is made even harder by dint of the fact that the internet moves quickly and book publishing moves slowly.
改写思路
原句：Electric cars are very popular nowadays.
改写：Dominating the vehicle market is never easy, and it is made even harder by dint of the fact that electric cars are everywhere.
考研例句
Trying to maintain our unique cultural identity is never easy, and it is made even harder by dint of the fact that we are experiencing all kinds of cultural shocks from other countries.
练习中暴露的问题
Doing sth is never easy里的Doing sth必须完整。不要说 Preparing is never easy，要说 Preparing for exams is never easy。
3. 过渡：The costs of…
结构：
Yet the costs of sth may be even greater than previously thought.外刊原句
Yet the costs of weight discrimination may be even greater than previously thought.
改写思路
原句：We should not ignore the communication with their child.
改写：Yet the costs of ignoring the communication with their child may be even greater than previously thought.
不要当成完整句子
than previously thought是省略结构，完整等于than (it was) previously thought (to be)。也可以写成than we previously thought，但学术句型里常用省略形式。
4. 罗列成因：Behind… are…
结构：
Behind sth are all the catalysts you would expect: A, B, and C.-
正常语序：A is behind B（A 是 B 的原因）。
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介词 Behind 提前，句子倒装。
外刊原句
Behind the increasingly frenetic activity are all the catalysts you would expect in India: demand from the country’s growing population of well-to-do people, insufficient supply and deterioration of existing buildings in the harsh climate.
考研例句
Behind the situation of giving up too soon is the catalyst you would expect: lack of willpower.
练习中暴露的问题
不要自己造搭配：
- ❌ the skyrocket of city park → ✅ the surge in the number of city parks
- ❌ requirement of public green occasion → ✅ demand for public green space
- ❌ young people to lose interest → ✅ young people losing interest
skyrocket是动词，不能直接当名词用；green space是固定说法，没有green occasion。
5. 批判归因：…is very likely to be partly to blame.
结构：
Sth is very likely to be partly to blame, making ... than they would otherwise have been.外刊原句
Global warming is very likely to be partly to blame, making the heatwaves hotter than they would otherwise have been.
考研例句
The bad habits of parents are very likely to be partly to blame, making their children easier to be addicted to cellphones and computer games than they would otherwise have been.
otherwise 在这里不是"否则"
otherwise= “原本” = “如果没有前面提到的原因”。例句：making heatwaves hotter than they would otherwise have been
心里翻译：让热浪比原本会有的温度更热（原本 = 没有全球变暖时）。
记这个结构：
than ... would otherwise have been= ”……比原本会……的”。
6. 观点总起：…should be welcomed
结构：
That + 句子 + should be welcomed for many reasons, including...外刊原句
That sign languages are thriving should be welcomed for many reasons, including the cognitive benefits that learning them brings.
同义替换
负面观点：Sth should not be welcomed for many reasons.
考研例句
The cultural hot pot should be welcomed for many reasons. Firstly; Secondly; Thirdly.
7. 乐观总结：It is too early to say…
结构：
It is too early to say what good sth will do, but this alone gives one reason to be optimistic.外刊原句
It is too early to say what good the technology will do, but this alone gives one reason to be optimistic.
改写思路
原句：Electric cars can protect our environment.
改写：It is too early to say what good electric cars will do, but their existence alone gives us one reason to be optimistic about protecting our environment.
8. 观点/结尾：…can turn opportunity into disaster.
结构：
Sth can turn opportunity into disaster.
Sth can turn our fantasy of ... into a possible reality.外刊原句
Cities have enormous potential for improving people’s lives, but inadequate urban management, often based on inaccurate perceptions and information, can turn opportunity into disaster.
改写思路
原句：Electric cars can protect our environment.
改写：Electric cars can turn our fantasy of protecting our environment into a possible reality.
考研例句
It is worth bearing in mind that everyone has potential to be successful, but giving up halfway up the peak can turn opportunity into disaster.
9. 图表描述：Interest in… is waning.
结构：
Interest in sth wanes.
Interest in doing sth has waned in..., with the proportion dropping from A to B.外刊原句
Interest in hosting the five-ringed circus waned in the 1970s after a series of games tainted by terrorist attacks, crippling debt and boycotts.
改写思路
原句：There are fewer people who are using traditional cars.
改写：Interest in using traditional cars is waning, for fewer people are using them.
考研例句
Interest in doing part-time jobs has waned in the last twenty years among university students, with the proportion dropping from 40% to 20%.
本周 checklist
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理解”把动作/观点名词化”的写作逻辑。
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掌握 That / What / How 引导主语从句的区别。
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记住主语从句整体视为 单数。
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能区分外刊神句的 9 种功能场景。
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完成当周作文练习，重点关注”写对”而非”写华丽”。
重要提醒
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核心目标：在考场上写出正确无误的句子。
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学习方法：通过持续练习提高临场应变能力。
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避免误区：不要死记硬背模板，要理解句式背后的逻辑关系。
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利用错误样本：通过批改他人作文中的错误，学习如何避免类似失误。